Obstetric Physical Therapy Courses in India

15 Contact Hours

The Physical Therapy for the Postpartum Patient (OB-Post Webinar) is a comprehensive course for physical therapy professionals seeking to enhance their expertise in managing the unique needs of patients who are postpartum. Combining self-paced modules, live webinar, and interactive small group discussions, this course is an in-depth and evidence-based exploration of physical therapy for the postpartum patient. Through expert, evidence-based instruction, this course will provide practical knowledge and advanced skills in the evaluation and treatment of the postpartum patient.  Interactive case discussions will allow participants to collaborate and apply clinical reasoning skills in real-world scenarios.

Key topics include:

• Anatomic and physiologic changes postpartum
• Differential diagnosis and screening for referral
• Psychosocial considerations
• Postpartum evaluation and recovery
• Considerations and interventions for lactation
• Obstetric birth injuries
• Evaluation and treatment of various musculoskeletal conditions including
  • Lumbopelvic pain (low back, sacroiliac joint and pubic symphysis dysfunction)
  • Coccyx pain
  • Diastasis recti abdominis
  • Pelvic floor dysfunction
• Return to sport postpartum

By the end of this course, participants will have a robust understanding of how to optimize care for postpartum patients, improve outcomes, and promote safety and well-being.

After completing this webinar, participants are eligible to attend the live Physical Therapy for Pregnancy and Postpartum Lab (OB-AntePost Lab). Participants are encouraged to also take Physical Therapy for the Pregnant Patient (OB-Ante Webinar) prior to joining the live lab, however only one is required. 

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination/Evaluation:

1. Describe the anatomic and physiologic changes postpartum and how they affect evaluation and intervention.
2. Perform an appropriate evaluation of postpartum patient with musculoskeletal dysfunction or pain.
3. Assess for diastasis rectus abdominis with objective measurement skills.

Diagnosis/Prognosis:

1. Differentiate between musculoskeletal and medical diagnoses based on the subjective and objective evaluation of a postpartum patient.
2. Distinguish between low back, pelvic girdle and hip pain/dysfunction.
3. Describe common and infrequent maternal birth injuries, their impact on neuromuscular function and rehabilitation considerations.
4. Develop functional goals for musculoskeletal impairments postpartum based on a systematic interview and examination of the patient.

Intervention:

1. Develop an evidence-based plan of care for physical therapy intervention of postpartum patients with musculoskeletal impairments or dysfunction including lumbopelvic, hip and coccyx pain.
2. Develop an evidence-based plan of care for physical therapy intervention of postpartum patients with diastasis recti abdominus.
3. Explain ideal biomechanical strategies for childcare activities.
4. Differentiate appropriate interventions to manage complications with lactation.
5. Prescribe an appropriate exercise program for return to sport postpartum.

14.50 Contact Hours 

The Physical Therapy for Labor and Birth (OB-Intra Webinar) is a fully virtual course designed to empower physical therapy professionals with advanced, evidence-based skills to support patients with labor and birth. Delivered in an interactive live webinar format, the course equips participants with an in-depth understanding of how specific physical therapy interventions during the antepartum and intrapartum periods may affect birth outcomes and postpartum maternal health. 

Key topics include:

• Anatomic considerations of the maternal pelvis
• Labor and birth considerations for various comorbidities, including orthopedic conditions
• Causes and management of dysfunctional labor
• Psychosocial factors influencing childbirth
• Clinical considerations for vaginal and cesarean delivery

Comprehensive, expert-led instruction includes practical, evidence-based knowledge and advanced skills to provide therapeutic and educational support to pregnant patients. Interactive case discussions will allow participants to collaborate and apply clinical reasoning skills in real-world scenarios.

By the end of this course, participants will have a robust understanding of how to optimize maternal movement, manage dysfunctional labor, and apply biomechanical and orthopedic principles to support positive birth experiences.

After completing this webinar, participants are eligible for the Physical Therapy for Labor and Birth Lab (OB-Intra Lab).

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination/Evaluation:

1. Identify and describe key anatomical and biomechanical characteristics of the maternal pelvis relevant to labor and birth.
2. Define common terminology used by obstetric providers during labor and birth.
3. Perform an appropriate examination and evaluation for a patient in the early postpartum period including recognize and screen for early postpartum complications.

Diagnosis/Prognosis

1. Recognize and assess psychosocial and environmental factors that may impact the labor and delivery process.
2. Differentiate between typical and atypical labor progressions.
3. Describe medical tests and interventions and their direct and indirect effects on labor.
4. Identify risk factors for complication with labor and birth based on examination findings, pre-existing maternal comorbidities, and psychosocial factors.
5. Describe the immediate and long-term maternal and fetal complications associated with cesarean delivery.
6. Explain the relationship between primary and repeat cesarean birth rates and the importance of reducing primary cesareans to decrease the overall cesarean rate.

Intervention

1. Differentiate maternal movement and positioning needs based on fetal station and stage of labor.
2. Apply therapeutic strategies for managing dysfunctional labor.
3. Differentiate maternal positioning needs based on pre-existing orthopedic dysfunctions.
4. Demonstrate appropriate patient education that empowers birthing individuals with self-management tools and strategies for labor and vaginal and cesarean birth.
5. Collaborate effectively with interdisciplinary birth teams to support individualized, patient-centered birth experiences.

8 Contact Hours 

The Physical Therapy for the Medically Complex Pregnancy (OB-Med On-Demand) is a fully virtual course designed for physical therapy professionals who work with patients navigating medically complex pregnancies. The course delivers practical, evidence-based knowledge and advanced clinical reasoning skills you can apply immediately in your practice—on your schedule.

This on-demand webinar dives into specialized care strategies for high-risk pregnancies and unique populations, helping you confidently evaluate and treat patients with complex medical conditions throughout pregnancy and postpartum. Through expert-led instruction and interactive cases, you’ll improve your clinical decision making to safely and effectively support patients with medical conditions during pregnancy and postpartum.

Key topics include:

• High risk medical diagnoses
• Cardiovascular and pulmonary conditions
• Neurologic conditions
• Endocrine disorders including diabetes and thyroid conditions
• Connective tissue disorders
• Considerations for high and low BMI
• Traumatic injuries
• Considerations for pregnancy during adolescence and advanced maternal age

By the end of this course, participants will have a robust understanding of how to optimize care for medically complex pregnant patients, improve outcomes, and promote safety and well-being throughout pregnancy. Learn at your own pace on a flexible schedule while elevating your impact with perinatal patients.

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to perform the following:

Examination/Evaluation:

1. Describe the anatomic and physiologic components of high-risk pregnancy medical diagnoses.
2. Perform an appropriate examination and evaluation of a pregnant patient with high risk or medically complex pregnancy.

Diagnosis/Prognosis:

1. Identify and manage autonomic dysreflexia (AD) in pregnant individuals with SCI.
2. Describe factors that influence pregnancy outcomes in adolescents and those of advanced maternal age.
3. Summarize postpartum considerations for people with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, emphasizing the importance of continued blood pressure monitoring and the potential for postpartum preeclampsia.
4. Describe considerations and resources for the peripartum patient with a disability.
5. Develop functional goals for musculoskeletal impairments during high-risk pregnancy based on a systematic interview and examination of the patient.

Intervention:

1. Develop an appropriate plan of care for physical therapy intervention for patients in high-risk pregnancy or with trauma during pregnancy. 
2. Describe the role of diet and exercise in managing diabetes during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
3. Develop individualized exercise plan for pregnant women with low or high BMI.
4. Design an appropriate plan of care for patients with activity restrictions. 

9 Contact Hours 

Physical Therapy for Pregnancy and Postpartum Lab (OB-AntePost Lab) is conducted 100% in-person and is open to all participants who have taken Fundamental Topics of Pregnancy & Postpartum Physical Therapy Webinar, Physical Therapy for the Pregnant Patient Webinar (coming fall 2025), or Physical Therapy for the Postpartum Patient Webinar (coming fall 2025). 

During this lab course, participants will learn and practice the necessary skills to effectively evaluate and treat pregnant people. Topics include: lumbopelvic, hip examination and special tests, thoracic spine evaluation and treatment, modifications of the pregnant examination, diastasis rectus abdominis examination and intervention; external pelvic floor assessment and exercise (NO internal pelvic floor techniques); therapeutic exercise in pregnancy and postpartum; cesarean scar assessment and mobilization techniques, and biomechanical strategies. Additionally, participants will have the opportunity to practice with various pregnancy support belts and garments.

During the lab, participants will work in groups of 2-3. Everyone will participate as both “clinician” and “patient” and receive in the moment feedback and tips from instructors. All participants will participate in comprehensive situational lab scenarios to integrate learned skills. All people can fully participate in this lab, including people of any gender and individuals who are pregnant. 

Upon completion of this lab course, participants will have expanded examination and treatment skills to support the pregnant and postpartum patients.

Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination/Evaluation:

1. Perform an examination of a pregnant or postpartum patient with:

   1. Low back pain

   2. Pelvic girdle pain

   3. Hip pain 

   4. Thoracic pain

2. Assess for diastasis rectus abdominis with objective measurement skills

3. Perform an external assessment of pelvic floor muscle function 

Diagnosis/Prognosis:

1. Utilize objective measurements to screen for medical referral

2. Differentiate between low back, pelvic girdle and hip pain/dysfunction.

Intervention:

1. Develop an evidence-based plan of care for physical therapy intervention of pregnant or postpartum patients with musculoskeletal impairments or dysfunction

2. Demonstrate manual therapy interventions for the treatment of cesarean scars

3. Describe effective cues to contract and relax the pelvic floor and transverse abdominal muscles 

4. Explain ideal biomechanical strategies for pregnant or postpartum patients

8.5 Contact Hours

Physical Therapy for Labor and Birth Lab(OB-Intra Lab) is conducted 100% in-person and is open to all participants who have taken Intrapartum Topics of Obstetric Physical Therapy Webinar or Physical Therapy for Labor and Birth Webinar.

The OBI Lab course offers skills that are immediately applicable to clinical practice and include: preparation for childbirth, assessing the pelvis and coccyx, positions for promoting efficient labor, hands-on interventions for dysfunctional labor and labor with orthopedic considerations, and physical and mental coping including hands-on techniques. 

During the lab, participants will work in groups of 2-3. Everyone will participate as both “clinician” and “patient” and receive in the moment feedback and tips from instructors. All participants will participate in comprehensive situational lab scenarios to integrate learned skills. All people can fully participate in this lab, including people of any gender and individuals who are pregnant. 

Upon completion of this lab course, participants will have expanded therapeutic and educational strategies to support the pregnant client in optimizing labor, delivery, and acute postpartum recovery.

Learning Objectives:

Upon completion of this lab, participants will be able to:

Examination / Evaluation

1. Assess the dimension of the pelvic outlet

2. Perform an external assessment of the coccyx 

Diagnosis / Prognosis

1. Distinguish maternal positioning needs based on fetal station and stage of labor 

2. Differentiate maternal positioning needs based on orthopedic dysfunctions

Intervention

1. Demonstrate positions and techniques to increase the pelvic outlet and inlet

2. Demonstrate manual techniques for relieve back labor and perineal discomfort

3. Describe mental coping techniques including imagery, framing, breath, vocalization and relaxation

In the Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 1 Webinar course, physical therapy professionals will learn the foundational skills needed to evaluate and treat patients with pelvic health dysfunction, with an emphasis on underactive pelvic floor muscle conditions. 

Key topics include:

• Anatomy of the pelvic girdle
• Physiology of micturition
• Dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract and pelvic muscles
• Patient history examination
• Testing and treatment interventions for underactive pelvic floor muscle conditions.
• Urogynecologic surgeries, medications, prevention of pelvic floor dysfunction, and documentation best practices. 

After completing this webinar, participants are eligible to attend the live PH1 Lab - Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 1 Lab. 

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination / Evaluation:

1. Identify and examine the anatomy of the pelvic girdle
2. Describe the function of the lower urinary tract and female pelvic organs.
3. Demonstrate proper infection control techniques involved in pelvic floor muscle examination.
4. Perform an external evaluation of the female genitalia, verbally identifying bones, ligaments, muscles, and other structures.
5. Perform an internal pelvic examination, identifying muscles, ligaments, and bony prominences with identification of pelvic floor muscle origins and insertions.
6. Demonstrate proper technique in testing the muscle strength of the levator ani muscles.
7. Demonstrate proper technique in testing for pelvic organ prolapse.
8. Demonstrate proper use of handheld EMG biofeedback to assess pelvic floor musculature.

Diagnosis / Prognosis:

1. Differentiate between underactive pelvic floor muscles and overactive pelvic floor muscles.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of bladder tests and measurements (bladder diary, urodynamic testing, pad testing, etc.) that are used in the process of differential diagnosis.
3. Demonstrate the ability to compose a plan of care, including functional goals, prognosis, and length of care for the patient with underactive pelvic floor conditions.
4. Explain red flags related to the treatment of the pelvic floor and understand when to refer to another healthcare provider.
5. Understand urogynecologic surgeries and their effect on prognosis and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.
6. Demonstrate understanding of various medications and their effects on the bowel and bladder, and identify how that may affect the prognosis for a patient with pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.

Intervention:

1. Explain the effects of pelvic floor underactivity and the proper technique of pelvic muscle exercises for rehabilitative purposes.
2. Explain the relationship between the abdominal muscles and the pelvic floor muscles as they relate to activities of daily living.
3. Describe the various interventions available to strengthen the muscles of the patient with an underactive pelvic floor, and clinically reason when and why the various interventions might be used.
4. Demonstrate proper use of a handheld pelvic floor muscle electrical stimulation unit and explain its appropriate uses for a patient with pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.
5. Describe techniques that can be used to train (retrain) the bladder and when each intervention might be used.

In the Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 2 Pelvic Pain Webinar (PH2PP Webinar) course, we teach physical therapy professionals clinically relevant information and provide training in the examination, evaluation, and intervention of female pelvic pain, anatomy, pathophysiology, and physical therapy evaluation/treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction related to pelvic pain in the female patient. 

• Pelvic pain diagnoses (anatomic, physiologic, neurologic)
• Patient evaluation (pudendal neuralgia, vulvodynia, vaginismus, painful bladder syndrome, endometriosis, coccydynia, etc)
• Vaginal pelvic floor muscle examination
• Female sexual response and sexual dysfunction
• Musculoskeletal impairments related to pelvic pain
• Non-musculoskeletal pathology
• Patient care plan development
• Manual myofascial release techniques, trigger point release techniques, abdominopelvic interventions
• Clinical application of modalities
• External manual therapy techniques
• Rigid taping techniques
• Coccyx pain and dysfunction
• Behavioral intervention strategies (diet, lifestyle, posture)

The PH2 (Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 2) consists of three separate required courses: PH2PP Webinar, PH2BD Webinar, and PH2 Lab. To advance to the PH2PP Webinar, one must have successfully completed PH1 (either PH1 Webinar/PH1 Lab or PH1 Combined). The PH2PP Webinar is one of the required prerequisites for the PH2 Lab course.

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination / Evaluation:

1. Describe the anatomic, physiologic, and neurological components of pelvic pain diagnoses.
2. Perform an appropriate evaluation of a patient with pelvic pain diagnoses to include pudendal neuralgia, vulvodynia, vaginismus, painful bladder syndrome, endometriosis and coccydynia.
3. Demonstrate ability to perform a vaginal pelvic floor muscle examination for patients with pelvic pain diagnoses.
4. Describe the female sexual response and demonstrate understanding of sexual dysfunction.

Diagnosis / Prognosis:

1. Differentiate between musculoskeletal impairments related to pelvic pain and signs and symptoms associated with non-musculoskeletal pathology requiring further medical examination.
2. Develop functional goals for musculoskeletal impairments identified in patients with pelvic pain based on a systematic interview and examination of the patient.

Intervention:

1. Develop an evidence-based and appropriate plan of care for physical therapy intervention of musculoskeletal impairments for patients with pelvic pain.
2. Perform manual myofascial release techniques, trigger point release techniques and abdominopelvic interventions for the treatment of patients with pelvic pain.
3. Describe appropriate clinical application of modalities for pelvic pain diagnoses.
4. Perform external manual therapy techniques and rigid taping techniques to address pain and dysfunction related to the coccyx.
5. Provide behavioral intervention strategies to manage pelvic pain, including lifestyle changes, diet, and proper posture.

In the Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 2 Bowel Dysfunction Webinar (PH2BD Webinar) course, we teach physical therapy professionals lectures on anatomy, pathophysiology and physical therapy evaluation/treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction-related bowel dysfunction. This course teaches the physical therapy professional basic skills necessary to treat patients with pelvic health dysfunction, with primary emphasis on underactive pelvic floor muscle conditions.

• Pelvic floor muscle motor control training
• Rectal balloon training
• Coccygeal mobilization
• Clinical application of modalities

The PH2 (Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 2) consists of three separate required courses: PH2PP Webinar, PH2BD Webinar, and PH2 Lab. To advance to the PH2BD Webinar, one must have successfully completed PH1 (either PH1 Webinar/PH1 Lab or PH1 Combined). The PH2BD Webinar is one of the required prerequisites for the PH2 Lab course.

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination / Evaluation:

1. Describe the anatomic, physiologic, and neurological components of defecation and dysfunctional defecation.
2. Perform an appropriate evaluation of a patient with bowel disorder diagnoses to include fecal and anal incontinence, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, and obstructed defecation.
3. Demonstrate ability to perform rectal pelvic floor muscle examination for patients with bowel dysfunction.
4. Assess coccygeal function and joint mechanics for patients with pelvic pain or bowel dysfunction.

Diagnosis / Prognosis:

1. Differentiate between musculoskeletal impairments related to bowel dysfunction and signs and symptoms associated with non-musculoskeletal pathology requiring further medical examination.
2. Develop functional goals for musculoskeletal impairments identified in patients with bowel disorders based on a systematic interview and examination of the patient.
3. Demonstrate understanding of colon and anorectal function testing for bowel disorders.

Intervention:

1. Develop an evidence-based and appropriate plan of care for physical therapy intervention of musculoskeletal impairments for patients with bowel dysfunction.
2. Perform manual myofascial release techniques, trigger point release techniques, and coccyx mobilization for the treatment of patients with bowel dysfunction.
3. Describe appropriate clinical application of surface electromyographic (sEMG) biofeedback for bowel dysfunction diagnoses.
4. Describe appropriate clinical application of digital rectal biofeedback and EMG biofeedback as an intervention for patients with bowel dysfunction.
5. Provide behavioral intervention strategies to improve bowel function, such as diet, lifestyle changes, and proper toileting techniques and posture.

In the Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 3 Hybrid Webinar (PH3 Hybrid Webinar) course, we teach physical therapy professionals clinically relevant information and training for the evaluation and intervention of male urinary incontinence and pelvic pain, lifespan-specific considerations, including pediatrics, and individuals with neurological involvement. 

Key Topics Include:

• Pathophysiology
• EMG relaxation training
• Male patient rectal examination
• Introduction to rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI)
• Physical therapy evaluation and intervention of pelvic floor dysfunction (PFD) in male patients
• Pediatric populations
• Geriatric populations
• Neurologic patients
• Changes in the pelvic organs throughout the life cycle
• Interdisciplinary treatment of pelvic dysfunction
• Clinical decision-making
• Integration of skills acquired at all CAPP Pelvic courses

This course is composed of 2 days of synchronous online instruction via webinar and 1 day of prerecorded content. Successful completion will meet the expectation for the PH3 level requirement to pursue the  Certificate of Advanced Practice in Physical Therapy in Pelvic Health (CAPP-Pelvic). 

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination / Evaluation:

1. Describe the anatomic, physiologic, and neurological components of pelvic floor dysfunction diagnoses, including male, pediatric, geriatric, and neurologic populations.
2. Differentiate between male and female urogenital anatomy and the effect on pelvic floor muscle examination and intervention.
3. Identify the causes of pediatric and neurological pelvic floor dysfunction diagnoses.
4. Describe an appropriate evaluation of a male, pediatric, geriatric, and neurologically involved patient with pelvic floor dysfunction using objective measurement skills

Diagnosis / Prognosis:

1. Differentiate between musculoskeletal, neurological, and conditions that require medical intervention based on a systematic interview and examination of the patient with pelvic floor dysfunction.
2. Describe the impairments best suited to rehabilitation ultrasound imaging (RUSI) for the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction.
3. Develop functional goals for musculoskeletal and neurological impairments based on a systematic interview and examination of the patient with pelvic floor dysfunction.

Intervention:

1. Develop an evidence-based plan of care for physical therapy intervention for the male, pediatric, geriatric, or neurologically involved patient with pelvic floor dysfunction.
2. Lead a patient through a relaxation program utilizing sEMG Biofeedback as a tool for down-regulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
3. Select appropriate patients with pelvic floor dysfunction that might benefit from the use of RUSI.

The Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 1 Lab (PH1 Lab) provides physical therapy professionals with the opportunity to apply the foundational knowledge gained in the PH1 Webinar through in-person, hands-on instruction. Participants will engage in practical lab sessions that include external and internal vaginal examinations, working in small groups of two to three as both clinicians and patients. Course participants of all genders may be present during these examinations. 

The course focuses on the clinical application of skills related to external and internal vaginal examinations, building upon concepts covered in the PH1 Webinar.

Key topics include:

• Pelvic girdle anatomy
• Physiology of micturition
• Dysfunctions of the lower urinary tract
• Pelvic muscle dysfunction
• Patient history examination
• Testing and treatment interventions for underactive pelvic floor muscle conditions
• Urogynecologic surgeries, medication considerations, and prevention of pelvic floor dysfunction.

The PH1 (Pelvic Health Physical Therapy Level 1) consists of two separate courses, PH1 Webinar and PH1 Lab. Both PH1 Webinar and PH1 lab courses must be completed and successfully passed in order to fully complete PH1. The PH1 Lab is part 2 of the PH1 and can be taken only after you have successfully completed and passed the PH1 Webinar course. 

Upon completion of this course, participants will be able to:

Examination / Evaluation:

1. Identify and examine the anatomy of the pelvic girdle
2. Describe the function of the lower urinary tract and female pelvic organs.
3. Demonstrate proper infection control techniques involved in pelvic floor muscle examination.
4. Perform an external evaluation of the female genitalia, verbally identifying bones, ligaments, muscles, and other structures.
5. Perform an internal pelvic examination, identifying muscles, ligaments,and bony prominences with identification of pelvic floor muscle origins and insertions.
6. Demonstrate proper technique in testing the muscle strength of the levator ani muscles.
7. Demonstrate proper technique in testing for pelvic organ prolapse.
8. Demonstrate proper use of handheld EMG biofeedback to assess pelvic floor musculature.

Diagnosis / Prognosis:

1. Differentiate between underactive pelvic floor muscles and overactive pelvic floor muscles.
2. Demonstrate an understanding of bladder tests and measurements (bladder diary, urodynamic testing, pad testing, etc.) that are used in the process of differential diagnosis.
3. Demonstrate the ability to compose a plan of care, including functional goals, prognosis, and length of care for the patient with underactive pelvic floor conditions.
4. Explain red flags related to tthe reatment of the pelvic floor and understand when to refer to another healthcare provider.
5. Understand urogynecologic surgeries and their effect on prognosis and pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.
6. Demonstrate understanding of various medications and their effects on the bowel and bladder and identify how that may affect prognosis for a patient with pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.

Intervention:

1. Explain the effects of pelvic floor underactivity and the proper technique of pelvic muscle exercises for rehabilitative purposes.
2. Explain the relationship between the abdominal muscles and the pelvic floor muscles as they relate to activities of daily living.
3. Describe the various interventions available to strengthen the muscles of the patient with an underactive pelvic floor, and clinically reason when and why the various interventions might be used.
4. Demonstrate proper use of a handheld pelvic floor muscle electrical stimulation unit and explain its appropriate uses for a patient with pelvic floor muscle dysfunction.
5. Describe techniques that can be used to train (retrain) the bladder and when each intervention might be used.

Replace this text with the accordion content.

Replace this text with the accordion content.