List of References 

Physical Therapy for Pregnant & Postpartum Patients: Whom and When to Refer

This is a list of references for the PowerPoint presentation handout titled "Physical Therapy for Pregnant & Postpartum Patients: Whom and When to Refer" developed by the Pregnancy & Postpartum Special Interest Group Task Force.

 

  1. Acharya, N., Singhal, S., Madaan, S., Mohammad, S., & Acharya, S. (2022). Use of the modified early obstetric warning system chart as a predictor of peri-partum obstetric morbidity in a rural teaching institute: A two-year cross-sectional study. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 11(12), 7644. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_320_22 

  1. Achour, R., Koch, M., Zgueb, Y., Ouali, U., & Rim, B. H. (2019). Vaginismus and pregnancy: epidemiological profile and management difficulties. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 12, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s186950 

  1. Albert, H., Godskesen, M., & Westergaard, J. (2000). Evaluation of clinical tests used in classification procedures in pregnancy-related pelvic joint pain. European Spine Journal, 9(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005860050228 

  1. Alon, R., Tzvika Shimonovitz, Brecher, S., Liat Shick-Nave, & Ahinoam Lev-Sagie. (2019). Delivery in patients with dyspareunia—A prospective study. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology/European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 237, 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.04.027 

  1. Bączek, G., Rzońca, E., Sys, D., Rychlewicz, S., Durka, A., Rzońca, P., & Bień, A. (2022). Spontaneous perineal trauma during non-operative childbirth—retrospective analysis of perineal laceration risk factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7653. 

  1. Barakat, R., Refoyo, I., Coteron, J., & Franco, E. (2019). Exercise during pregnancy has a preventative effect on excessive maternal weight gain and gestational diabetes. A randomized controlled trial. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 23(2), 148-155. 

  1. Barakat, R., Zhang, D., Silva-José, C., Sánchez-Polán, M., Franco, E., & Mottola, M. F. (2023). The influence of physical activity during pregnancy on miscarriage—systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(16), 5393. 

  1. Barber, M. D., & Maher, C. (2013). Epidemiology and outcome assessment of pelvic organ prolapse. International urogynecology journal, 24, 1783-1790. 

  1. Barbara, G., Pifarotti, P., Facchin, F., Cortinovis, I., Dridi, D., Ronchetti, C., Calzolari, L., & Vercellini, P. (2016). Impact of Mode of Delivery on Female Postpartum Sexual Functioning: Spontaneous Vaginal Delivery and Operative Vaginal Delivery vs Cesarean Section. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(3), 393–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.01.004 

  1. Beamish, N.F., Davenport, M.H., Ali, M.U., Gervais, M.J., Sjwed, T.N., Bains, G., Sivak, A., Deering, R. E., & Ruchat, S. M. (2025). Impact of postpartum exercise on pelvic floor disorders and diastasis recti abdominis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 59(8), 562–575. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108619 

  1. Benjamin, D. R., van de Water, A. T. M., & Peiris, C. L. (2014). Effects of exercise on diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle in the antenatal and postnatal periods: a systematic review. Physiotherapy, 100(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2013.08.005 

  1. Berber, M.A., Satılmış İ.G. (2020). Characteristics of Low Back Pain in Pregnancy, Risk Factors, and Its Effects on Quality of Life. Pain Manag Nurs. 21(6):579-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.05.001 

  1. Berg-Poppe, P., Hauer, M., Jones, C., Munger, M., & Wethor, C. (2022). Use of Exercise in the Management of Postpartum Diastasis Recti: A Systematic Review. Journal of Women’s Health Physical Therapy, 46(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1097/JWH.0000000000000231 

  1. Blomquist, J. L., Muñoz, A., Carroll, M., & Handa, V. L. (2018). Association of Delivery Mode With Pelvic Floor Disorders After Childbirth. JAMA, 320(23), 2438. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.18315 

  1. Borello-France, D., Burgio, K. L., Richter, H. E., Zyczynski, H., FitzGerald, M. P., Whitehead, W., Fine, P., Nygaard, I., Handa, V. L., Visco, A. G., Weber, A. M., & Brown, M. B. (2006). Fecal and Urinary Incontinence in Primiparous Women. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 108(4), 863–872. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aog.0000232504.32589.3b 

  1. Borg-Stein, J., Dugan, S. A., & Gruber, J. (2005). Musculoskeletal Aspects of Pregnancy. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 84(3), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000156970.96219.48 

  1. Boyle, R., Hay-Smith, E. J. C., Cody, J. D., & Mørkved, S. (2013). Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women: A short version Cochrane review. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 33(3), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.22402 

  1. Brix, B., Apich, G., Roessler, A., Ure, C., Schmid-Zalaudek, K., Hinghofer-Szalkay, H. and Goswami, N. (2020). Fluid shifts induced by physical therapy in lower limb lymphedema patients. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(11), p.3678. 

  1. Carroll, L., O’Sullivan, C., Doody, C., Perrotta, C., & Fullen, B. (2022). Pelvic organ prolapse: The lived experience. Plos one, 17(11), e0276788. 

  1. Chen, L., Han, Y., Wang, L., Zhang, H., Zheng, Y., Zhang, R., Meng, G., Zhang, Y., & Ji, D. (2024). Conservative Interventions for Urinary Incontinence on Postpartum Women: A Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmwh.13653 

  1. Chen, L.L., Gau, M.L., Huang, M.-Z., Tsai, C.H., & Chang, F.T. (2024). The impact of reduced perineal lacerations during delivery: A systematic review. Health Sciences Review, 13, 100204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hsr.2024.100204 

  1. Cheong, Y., Saran, M., Hounslow, J. W., & Reading, I. C. (2018). Are pelvic adhesions associated with pain, physical, emotional and functional characteristics of women presenting with chronic pelvic pain? A cluster analysis. BMC Women's Health, 18, 1-6. 

  1. Chougala A, & Mahishale A. (2015) A randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of therapeutic ultrasound and low-level laser therapy on perineal pain following vaginal delivery with episiotomy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae. 7(3):152-156 

  1. Clephane, K., & Lorenz, T. K. (2021). Putative Mental, Physical, and Social Mechanisms of Hormonal Influences on Postpartum Sexuality. Current Sexual Health Reports, 13(4), 136–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-021-00321-8 

  1. Clinton, S. C., Newell, A., Downey, P. A., & Ferreira, K. (2017). Pelvic Girdle Pain in the Antepartum Population. Journal of Womenʼs Health Physical Therapy, 41(2), 102–125. https://doi.org/10.1097/jwh.0000000000000081 

  1. Cooper DB, Yang L. (2023). Pregnancy And Exercise. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island (FL);. PMID: 28613571. 

  1. Dai, S., Chen, H., & Luo, T. (2023). Prevalence and factors of urinary incontinence among postpartum: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23(1), 761. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-06059-6 

  1. Dias-Amaral, A., & Marques-Pinto, A. (2018). Female Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder: Review of the Related Factors and Overall Approach. Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia E Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics, 40(12), 787–793. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1675805 

  1. Davenport, M. H., Ruchat, S.-M., Sobierajski, F., Poitras, V. J., Gray, C. E., Yoo, C., Skow, R. J., Jaramillo Garcia, A., Barrowman, N., Meah, V. L., Nagpal, T. S., Riske, L., James, M., Nuspl, M., Weeks, A., Marchand, A.-A., Slater, L. G., Adamo, K. B., Davies, G. A., & Barakat, R. (2018). Impact of prenatal exercise on maternal harms, labour and delivery outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-099821. 

  1. de Arruda, G. T., de Andrade, D. F., & Virtuoso, J. F. (2022). Internal structure and classification of pelvic floor dysfunction distress by PFDI-20 total score. Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-022-00459-6 

  1. Dennis, A. T., Salman, M., Paxton, E., Flint, M., Leeton, L., Roodt, F., Yentis, S., & Dyer, R. A. (2019). Resting Hemodynamics and Response to Exercise Using the 6-Minute Walk Test in Late Pregnancy. Anesthesia & Analgesia, 129(2), 450–457. https://doi.org/10.1213/ane.0000000000003818 

  1. DiTosto, J. D., Liu, C., Wall-Wieler, E., Gibbs, R. S., Girsen, A. I., El-Sayed, Y. Y., Butwick, A. J., & Carmichael, S. L. (2021). Risk factors for postpartum readmission among women after having a stillbirth. 3(4), 100345–100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100345 

  1. Doumouchtsis, S. K., Rada, M. P., Pergialiotis, V., Falconi, G., Haddad, J. M., & Betschart, C. (2020). A protocol for developing, disseminating, and implementing a core outcome set (COS) for childbirth pelvic floor trauma research. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-03070-z 

  1. Evenson, K. R., Barakat, R., Brown, W. J., Dargent-Molina, P., Haruna, M., Mikkelsen, E. M., Mottola, M. F., Owe, K. M., Rousham, E. K., & Yeo, S. (2013). Guidelines for Physical Activity During Pregnancy. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 8(2), 102–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827613498204 

  1. Everist, R., Burrell, M., Mallitt, K.-A., Parkin, K., Patton, V., & Karantanis, E. (2020). Postpartum anal incontinence in women with and without obstetric anal sphincter injuries. International Urogynecology Journal, 31(11), 2269–2275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-020-04267-8 

  1. Fan, C., Guidolin, D., Ragazzo, S., Fede, C., Pirri, C., Gaudreault, N., Porzionato, A., Macchi, V., De Caro, R., & Stecco, C. (2020). Effects of Cesarean Section and Vaginal Delivery on Abdominal Muscles and Fasciae. Medicina, 56(6), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56060260 

  1. Ferrari, A., Mannella, P., Caputo, A., Simoncini, T., & Manila Bonciani. (2023). Risk and protective factors for pregnancyrelated urinary incontinence until 1 year postpartum: A cohort study using patientreported outcome measures in Italy. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 164(1), 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.15003 

  1. Foley, B. S., & Buschbacher, R. M. (2006). Sacroiliac Joint Pain. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 85(12), 997–1006. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000247633.68694.c1 

  1. Frawley, H., Shelly, B., Morin, M., Bernard, S., Bø, K., Digesu, G. A., Dickinson, T., Goonewardene, S., McClurg, D., Rahnama’i, M. S., Schizas, A., Sliekerten Hove, M., Takahashi, S., & Voelkl Guevara, J. (2021). An International Continence Society (ICS) report on the terminology for pelvic floor muscle assessment. Neurourology and Urodynamics, 40(5). https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.24658 

  1. Frawley, H., Shelly, B., & Morin, M. (2025). Fundamentals of terminology in pelvic floor muscle assessment: A concise reference. Continence, 14, 101756. 

  1. Friedman, A. M., Campbell, M. L., Kline, C. R., Wiesner, S., D’Alton, M. E., & Shields, L. E. (2018). Implementing Obstetric Early Warning Systems. AJP Reports, 8(2), e79–e84. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1641569 

  1. Frohlich J, Kettle C. (2015) Perineal care. BMJ Clin Evid. 1401. PMID: 25752310; PMCID: PMC4356152 

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  1. Garshasbi, A., & Zadeh, S. F. (2005). The effect of exercise on the intensity of low back pain in pregnant women. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics, 88(3), 271-275 

  1. Gartland, D., MacArthur, C., Woolhouse, H., McDonald, E., & Brown, S. J. (2016). Frequency, severity and risk factors for urinary and faecal incontinence at 4 years postpartum: a prospective cohort. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 123(7), 1203-1211. 

  1. Gavrilov, S., Karalkin, A., Mishakina, N., Efremova, O., & Grishenkova, A. (2022). Relationships of Pelvic Vein Diameter and Reflux with Clinical Manifestations of Pelvic Venous Disorder. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland), 12(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12010145 

  1. Gilbert, I., Gaudreault, N., & Gaboury, I. (2022). Exploring the Effects of Standardized Soft Tissue Mobilization on the Viscoelastic Properties, Pressure Pain Thresholds, and Tactile Pressure Thresholds of the Cesarean Section Scar. Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine, 28(4), 355–362. https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2021.0178 

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  1. Handa, V. L., Blomquist, J. L., Roem, J., Muñoz, A., & Dietz, H. P. (2019). Pelvic Floor Disorders After Obstetric Avulsion of the Levator Ani Muscle. Female Pelvic Medicine & Reconstructive Surgery, 25(1), 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1097/spv.0000000000000644 

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